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<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="const_cast.html" title="cpp/language/const cast"><tt>const_cast</tt></a> - <a href="reinterpret_cast.html" title="cpp/language/reinterpret cast"><tt>reinterpret_cast</tt></a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> Memory allocation</td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-col-table"><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="new.html" title="cpp/language/new"> <code>new</code> expression</a></td></tr>
</table></div></td><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="delete.html" title="cpp/language/delete"> <code>delete</code> expression</a></td></tr>
</table></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h1"><td colspan="5"> <a href="classes.html" title="cpp/language/classes"> Classes</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-col-table"><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="class.html" title="cpp/language/class"> Class declaration</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="initializer_list.html" title="cpp/language/constructor"> Constructors</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="this.html" title="cpp/language/this"> <code>this</code> pointer</a></td></tr>
</table></div></td><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="access.html" title="cpp/language/access"> Access specifiers</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="friend.html" title="cpp/language/friend"> <code>friend</code> specifier</a></td></tr>
</table></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> Class-specific function properties</td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-col-table"><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="virtual.html" title="cpp/language/virtual"> Virtual function</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="override.html" title="cpp/language/override"> <code>override</code> specifier</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="final.html" title="cpp/language/final"> <code>final</code> specifier</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
</table></div></td><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="explicit.html" title="cpp/language/explicit"><tt>explicit</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="static.html" title="cpp/language/static"><tt>static</tt></a> </td></tr>
</table></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> Special member functions</td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-col-table"><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="default_constructor.html" title="cpp/language/default constructor"> Default constructor</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="copy_constructor.html" title="cpp/language/copy constructor"> Copy constructor</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="move_constructor.html" title="cpp/language/move constructor"> Move constructor</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
</table></div></td><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="as_operator.html" title="cpp/language/as operator" class="mw-redirect"> Copy assignment</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="move_operator.html" title="cpp/language/move operator" class="mw-redirect"> Move assignment</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="destructor.html" title="cpp/language/destructor"> Destructor</a></td></tr>
</table></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h1"><td colspan="5"><a href="templates.html" title="cpp/language/templates"> Templates</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-col-table"><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="class_template.html" title="cpp/language/class template"> Class template </a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="function_template.html" title="cpp/language/function template"> Function template </a></td></tr>
</table></div></td><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="template_specialization.html" title="cpp/language/template specialization"> Template specialization</a></td></tr>   
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="parameter_pack.html" title="cpp/language/parameter pack"> Parameter packs</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
</table></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h1"><td colspan="5"> Miscellaneous </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-col-table"><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="asm.html" title="cpp/language/asm"> Inline assembly</a></td></tr>
</table></div></td><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="history.html" title="cpp/language/history"> History of C++</a></td></tr>
</table></div></td></tr>
</table></div>
</div><div></div></div></div></div><div class="t-navbar-sep"> </div><div class="t-navbar-head"><a href="basic_concepts.html" title="cpp/language/basic concepts"> Basic Concepts</a><div class="t-navbar-menu"><div><div style="display:inline-block">
<div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../keywords.html" title="cpp/keyword"> Language keywords</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="charset.html" title="cpp/language/charset"> Character sets and encodings</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="translation_phases.html" title="cpp/language/translation phases"> Phases of translation</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../comments.html" title="cpp/comment"> Comments</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="main_function.html" title="cpp/language/main function"> The main() function</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="punctuators.html" title="cpp/language/punctuators"> Punctuation</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="name.html" title="cpp/language/identifiers"> Names and identifiers</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="type-id.html" title="cpp/language/type"> Types</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <strong class="selflink"> Fundamental types</strong> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="objects.html" title="cpp/language/object"> Objects</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="scope.html" title="cpp/language/scope"> Scope</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="lifetime.html" title="cpp/language/lifetime"> Object lifetime</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="storage_duration.html" title="cpp/language/storage duration"> Storage duration and linkage</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="definition.html" title="cpp/language/definition"> Definitions and ODR</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="lookup.html" title="cpp/language/lookup"> Name lookup</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="qualified_lookup.html" title="cpp/language/qualified lookup"> Qualified name lookup</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="unqualified_lookup.html" title="cpp/language/unqualified lookup"> Unqualified name lookup</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="as_if.html" title="cpp/language/as if"> The as-if rule</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="ub.html" title="cpp/language/ub"> Undefined behavior</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="memory_model.html" title="cpp/language/memory model"> Memory model</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="modules.html" title="cpp/language/modules"> Modules</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(C++20)</span> </td></tr>
</table></div>
</div><div></div></div></div></div><div class="t-navbar-sep"> </div></div>
<p><small>(See also <a href="type-id.html" title="cpp/language/type">type</a> for type system overview and <a href="../types.html" title="cpp/types"> the list of type-related utilities</a> that are provided by the C++ library)</small>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Void_type">Void type</span></h3>
<dl><dd><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">void</span></span></span> - type with an empty set of values. It is an <a href="incomplete_type.html" title="cpp/language/incomplete type" class="mw-redirect">incomplete type</a> that cannot be completed (consequently, objects of type <code>void</code> are disallowed). There are no <a href="array.html" title="cpp/language/array">arrays</a> of <code>void</code>, nor <a href="reference.html" title="cpp/language/reference">references</a> to <code>void</code>. However, <a href="pointer.html#Pointers_to_void" title="cpp/language/pointer">pointers to <code>void</code></a> and <a href="function.html" title="cpp/language/function">functions</a> returning type <code>void</code> (<i>procedures</i> in other languages) are permitted.
</dd></dl>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="std::nullptr_t"><span class="t-lc"><a href="../types/nullptr_t.html" title="cpp/types/nullptr t">std::nullptr_t</a></span></span></h3>
<table class="t-dcl-begin"><tbody>
<tr class="t-dsc-header">
<td> <div>Defined in header <code><a href="../header/cstddef.html" title="cpp/header/cstddef">&lt;cstddef&gt;</a></code>
 </div></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="t-dcl t-since-cxx11">
<td> <div><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw1">typedef</span> decltype<span class="br0">(</span>nullptr<span class="br0">)</span> nullptr_t<span class="sy4">;</span></span></div></td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad">  </td>
<td> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span> </td>
</tr>
<tr class="t-dcl-sep"><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p><span class="t-lc"><a href="../types/nullptr_t.html" title="cpp/types/nullptr t">std::nullptr_t</a></span> is the type of the null pointer literal, <a href="nullptr.html" title="cpp/language/nullptr"><tt>nullptr</tt></a>. It is a distinct type that is not itself a pointer type or a pointer to member type. Its values are <i>null pointer constant</i> (see <span class="t-lc"><a href="../types/NULL.html" title="cpp/types/NULL">NULL</a></span>), and may be <a href="implicit_cast.html" title="cpp/language/implicit cast" class="mw-redirect">implicitly converted</a> to any pointer and pointer to member type.
</p><p><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">sizeof<span class="br0">(</span><a href="../types/nullptr_t.html"><span class="kw108">std::<span class="me2">nullptr_t</span></span></a><span class="br0">)</span></span></span> is equal to <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">sizeof<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">void</span> <span class="sy2">*</span><span class="br0">)</span></span></span>.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Data_models">Data models</span></h3>
<p>The choices made by each implementation about the sizes of the fundamental types are collectively known as <i>data model</i>. Four data models found wide acceptance:
</p><p>32 bit systems:
</p>
<dl><dd><ul><li><b>LP32</b> or <b>2/4/4</b> (int is 16-bit, long and pointer are 32-bit)
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> Win16 API
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<ul><li><b>ILP32</b> or <b>4/4/4</b> (int, long, and pointer are 32-bit);
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> Win32 API
</li><li> Unix and Unix-like systems (Linux, macOS)
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
</dd></dl>
<p>64 bit systems:
</p>
<dl><dd><ul><li> <b>LLP64</b> or <b>4/4/8</b> (int and long are 32-bit, pointer is 64-bit)
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> Win64 API
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<ul><li> <b>LP64</b> or <b>4/8/8</b> (int is 32-bit, long and pointer are 64-bit)
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> Unix and Unix-like systems (Linux, macOS)
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
</dd></dl>
<p>Other models are very rare. For example, <b>ILP64</b> (<b>8/8/8</b>: int, long, and pointer are 64-bit) only appeared in some early 64-bit Unix systems (e.g. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNICOS" class="extiw" title="enwiki:UNICOS">UNICOS on Cray</a>).
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Signed_and_unsigned_integer_types">Signed and unsigned integer types</span></h3>
<dl><dd><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">int</span></span></span> - basic integer type. The keyword <code>int</code> may be omitted if any of the modifiers listed below are used. If no length modifiers are present, it's guaranteed to have a width of at least 16 bits. However, on 32/64 bit systems it is almost exclusively guaranteed to have width of at least 32 bits (see below).
</dd></dl>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Modifiers">Modifiers</span></h4>
<p>Modifies the basic integer type. Can be mixed in any order. Only one of each group can be present in type name.
</p><p><b>Signedness</b>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">signed</span></span></span> - target type will have signed representation (this is the default if omitted)
</dd><dd><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">unsigned</span></span></span> - target type will have unsigned representation
</dd></dl>
<p><b>Size</b>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">short</span></span></span> - target type will be optimized for space and will have width of at least 16 bits.
</dd><dd><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">long</span></span></span> - target type will have width of at least 32 bits.
</dd></dl>
 <table class="t-rev-begin">
<tr class="t-rev t-since-cxx11"><td>
<p><span id="long_long"></span>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">long</span> <span class="kw4">long</span></span></span> - target type will have width of at least 64 bits.
</dd></dl>
</td>
<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span></td></tr>
</table>
<p>Note: as with all type specifiers, any order is permitted: <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">unsigned</span> <span class="kw4">long</span> <span class="kw4">long</span> <span class="kw4">int</span></span></span> and <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">long</span> <span class="kw4">int</span> <span class="kw4">unsigned</span> <span class="kw4">long</span></span></span> name the same type.
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Properties">Properties</span></h4>
<p>The following table summarizes all available integer types and their properties in various common data models:
</p>
<table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;">

<tr>
<th rowspan="2"> Type specifier
</th>
<th rowspan="2"> Equivalent type
</th>
<th colspan="5"> Width in bits by data model
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th> C++ standard
</th>
<th> LP32
</th>
<th> ILP32
</th>
<th> LLP64
</th>
<th> LP64
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td> <div style="text-align:left; width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">short</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="4"> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">short</span> <span class="kw4">int</span></span></span>
</td>
<td rowspan="6"> at least<br> <b>16</b>
</td>
<td rowspan="6"> <b>16</b>
</td>
<td rowspan="6"> <b>16</b>
</td>
<td rowspan="6"> <b>16</b>
</td>
<td rowspan="6"> <b>16</b>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <div style="text-align:left; width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">short</span> <span class="kw4">int</span></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <div style="text-align:left; width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">signed</span> <span class="kw4">short</span></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <div style="text-align:left; width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">signed</span> <span class="kw4">short</span> <span class="kw4">int</span></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <div style="text-align:left; width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">unsigned</span> <span class="kw4">short</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2"> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">unsigned</span> <span class="kw4">short</span> <span class="kw4">int</span></span></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <div style="text-align:left; width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">unsigned</span> <span class="kw4">short</span> <span class="kw4">int</span></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <div style="text-align:left; width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">int</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="3"> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">int</span></span></span>
</td>
<td rowspan="5"> at least<br> <b>16</b>
</td>
<td rowspan="5"> <b>16</b>
</td>
<td rowspan="5"> <b>32</b>
</td>
<td rowspan="5"> <b>32</b>
</td>
<td rowspan="5"> <b>32</b>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <div style="text-align:left; width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">signed</span></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <div style="text-align:left; width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">signed</span> <span class="kw4">int</span></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <div style="text-align:left; width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">unsigned</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2"> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">unsigned</span> <span class="kw4">int</span></span></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <div style="text-align:left; width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">unsigned</span> <span class="kw4">int</span></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <div style="text-align:left; width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">long</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="4"> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">long</span> <span class="kw4">int</span></span></span>
</td>
<td rowspan="6"> at least<br> <b>32</b>
</td>
<td rowspan="6"> <b>32</b>
</td>
<td rowspan="6"> <b>32</b>
</td>
<td rowspan="6"> <b>32</b>
</td>
<td rowspan="6"> <b>64</b>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <div style="text-align:left; width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">long</span> <span class="kw4">int</span></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <div style="text-align:left; width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">signed</span> <span class="kw4">long</span></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <div style="text-align:left; width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">signed</span> <span class="kw4">long</span> <span class="kw4">int</span></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <div style="text-align:left; width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">unsigned</span> <span class="kw4">long</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2"> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">unsigned</span> <span class="kw4">long</span> <span class="kw4">int</span></span></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <div style="text-align:left; width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">unsigned</span> <span class="kw4">long</span> <span class="kw4">int</span></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <div style="text-align:left; width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">long</span> <span class="kw4">long</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="4"> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">long</span> <span class="kw4">long</span> <span class="kw4">int</span></span></span> <br> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span>
</td>
<td rowspan="6"> at least<br> <b>64</b>
</td>
<td rowspan="6"> <b>64</b>
</td>
<td rowspan="6"> <b>64</b>
</td>
<td rowspan="6"> <b>64</b>
</td>
<td rowspan="6"> <b>64</b>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <div style="text-align:left; width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">long</span> <span class="kw4">long</span> <span class="kw4">int</span></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <div style="text-align:left; width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">signed</span> <span class="kw4">long</span> <span class="kw4">long</span></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <div style="text-align:left; width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">signed</span> <span class="kw4">long</span> <span class="kw4">long</span> <span class="kw4">int</span></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <div style="text-align:left; width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">unsigned</span> <span class="kw4">long</span> <span class="kw4">long</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2"> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">unsigned</span> <span class="kw4">long</span> <span class="kw4">long</span> <span class="kw4">int</span></span></span> <br> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <div style="text-align:left; width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">unsigned</span> <span class="kw4">long</span> <span class="kw4">long</span> <span class="kw4">int</span></span></span></div>
</td></tr></table>
<p>Note: integer arithmetic is defined differently for the signed and unsigned integer types. See <a href="operator_arithmetic.html" title="cpp/language/operator arithmetic">arithmetic operators</a>, in particular  <a href="operator_arithmetic.html#Overflows" title="cpp/language/operator arithmetic">integer overflows</a>.
</p><p><span class="t-lc"><a href="../types/size_t.html" title="cpp/types/size t">std::size_t</a></span> is the unsigned integer type of the result of the <a href="sizeof.html" title="cpp/language/sizeof"><code>sizeof</code></a> operator <span class="t-rev-inl t-since-cxx11"><span>as well as the <a href="sizeof....html" title="cpp/language/sizeof..."><code>sizeof...</code></a> operator and the <a href="alignof.html" title="cpp/language/alignof"><code>alignof</code></a> operator</span> <span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span></span></span>.
</p>
 <table class="t-rev-begin">
<tr class="t-rev t-since-cxx11"><td>
<p>See also <a href="../types/integer.html" title="cpp/types/integer">Fixed width integer types</a>.
</p>
</td>
<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span></td></tr>
</table>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Boolean_type">Boolean type</span></h3>
<dl><dd><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">bool</span></span></span> - type, capable of holding one of the two values: <a href="bool_literal.html" title="cpp/language/bool literal"><tt>true</tt></a> or <a href="bool_literal.html" title="cpp/language/bool literal"><tt>false</tt></a>. The value of <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">sizeof<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">bool</span><span class="br0">)</span></span></span> is implementation defined and might differ from 1.
</dd></dl>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Character_types">Character types</span></h3>
<dl><dd><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">signed</span> <span class="kw4">char</span></span></span> - type for signed character representation.
</dd><dd><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">unsigned</span> <span class="kw4">char</span></span></span> - type for unsigned character representation. Also used to inspect <a href="objects.html" title="cpp/language/object">object representations</a> (raw memory).
</dd><dd><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">char</span></span></span> - type for character representation which can be most efficiently processed on the target system (has the same representation and alignment as either <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">signed</span> <span class="kw4">char</span></span></span> or <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">unsigned</span> <span class="kw4">char</span></span></span>, but is always a distinct type). <a href="../string/multibyte.html" title="cpp/string/multibyte">Multibyte characters strings</a> use this type to represent code units. <span class="t-rev-inl t-since-cxx11"><span>For every value of type <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">unsigned</span> <span class="kw4">char</span></span></span> in range [0, 255], converting the value to <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">char</span></span></span> and then back to <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">unsigned</span> <span class="kw4">char</span></span></span> produces the original value.</span> <span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span></span></span> The signedness of <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">char</span></span></span> depends on the compiler and the target platform: the defaults for ARM and PowerPC are typically unsigned, the defaults for x86 and x64 are typically signed.
</dd><dd><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">wchar_t</span></span></span> - type for wide character representation (see <a href="../string/wide.html" title="cpp/string/wide">wide strings</a>). <span class="t-rev-inl t-until-cxx23"><span>Required to be large enough to represent any supported character code point</span> <span><span class="t-mark-rev t-until-cxx23">(until C++23)</span></span></span>. It has the same size, signedness, and alignment as one of the integer types, but is a distinct type. In practice, it is 32 bits and holds UTF-32 on Linux and many other non-Windows systems, but 16 bits and holds UTF-16 code units on Windows.
</dd></dl>
 <table class="t-rev-begin">
<tr class="t-rev t-since-cxx11"><td>
<p><span id="char16_t"></span>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">char16_t</span></span></span> - type for UTF-16 character representation, required to be large enough to represent any UTF-16 code unit (16 bits). It has the same size, signedness, and alignment as <span class="t-lc"><a href="../types/integer.html" title="cpp/types/integer">std::uint_least16_t</a></span>, but is a distinct type.
</dd></dl>
<p><span id="char32_t"></span>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">char32_t</span></span></span> - type for UTF-32 character representation, required to be large enough to represent any UTF-32 code unit (32 bits). It has the same size, signedness, and alignment as <span class="t-lc"><a href="../types/integer.html" title="cpp/types/integer">std::uint_least32_t</a></span>, but is a distinct type.
</dd></dl>
</td>
<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span></td></tr>
</table>
 <table class="t-rev-begin">
<tr class="t-rev t-since-cxx20"><td>
<p><span id="char8_t"></span>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">char8_t</span></span> - type for UTF-8 character representation, required to be large enough to represent any UTF-8 code unit (8 bits). It has the same size, signedness, and alignment as <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">unsigned</span> <span class="kw4">char</span></span></span> (and therefore, the same size and alignment as <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">char</span></span></span> and <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">signed</span> <span class="kw4">char</span></span></span>), but is a distinct type.
</dd></dl>
</td>
<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(since C++20)</span></td></tr>
</table>
<p>Besides the minimal bit counts, the C++ Standard guarantees that
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="nu0">1</span> <span class="sy1">==</span> sizeof<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">char</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy1">&lt;=</span> sizeof<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">short</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy1">&lt;=</span> sizeof<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy1">&lt;=</span> sizeof<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">long</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy1">&lt;=</span> sizeof<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">long</span> <span class="kw4">long</span><span class="br0">)</span></span></span>.
</dd></dl>
<p>Note: this allows the extreme case in which <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byte" class="extiw" title="enwiki:Byte">bytes</a> are sized 64 bits, all types (including <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">char</span></span></span>) are 64 bits wide, and <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">sizeof</span></span> returns 1 for every type.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Floating-point_types">Floating-point types</span></h3>
<p>The following three types and their cv-qualified versions are collectively called floating-point types.
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">float</span></span></span> - single precision floating-point type. Matches <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-precision_floating-point_format" class="extiw" title="enwiki:Single-precision floating-point format">IEEE-754 binary32 format</a> if supported.
</dd><dd><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">double</span></span></span> - double precision floating-point type. Matches <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-precision_floating-point_format" class="extiw" title="enwiki:Double-precision floating-point format">IEEE-754 binary64 format</a> if supported.
</dd><dd><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">long</span> <span class="kw4">double</span></span></span> - extended precision floating-point type. Matches <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadruple-precision_floating-point_format" class="extiw" title="enwiki:Quadruple-precision floating-point format">IEEE-754 binary128 format</a> if supported, otherwise matches <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_precision" class="extiw" title="enwiki:Extended precision">IEEE-754 binary64-extended format</a> if supported, otherwise matches some non-IEEE-754 extended floating-point format as long as its precision is better than binary64 and range is at least as good as binary64, otherwise matches IEEE-754 binary64 format.
<ul><li> binary128 format is used by some HP-UX, SPARC, MIPS, ARM64, and z/OS implementations.
</li><li> The most well known IEEE-754 binary64-extended format is 80-bit x87 extended precision format. It is used by many x86 and x86-64 implementations (a notable exception is MSVC, which implements <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">long</span> <span class="kw4">double</span></span></span> in the same format as <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">double</span></span></span>, i.e. binary64).
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Properties_2">Properties</span></h4>
<p>Floating-point types may support <a href="../types/numeric_limits.html" title="cpp/types/numeric limits">special values</a>:
</p>
<ul><li> <i>infinity</i> (positive and negative), see <span class="t-lc"><a href="../numeric/math/INFINITY.html" title="cpp/numeric/math/INFINITY">INFINITY</a></span>
</li><li> the <i>negative zero</i>, <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="sy2">-</span><span class="nu16">0.0</span></span></span>. It compares equal to the positive zero, but is meaningful in some arithmetic operations, e.g. <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="nu16">1.0</span><span class="sy2">/</span><span class="nu16">0.0</span> <span class="sy1">==</span> <a href="../numeric/math/INFINITY.html"><span class="kw1380">INFINITY</span></a></span></span>, but <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="nu16">1.0</span><span class="sy2">/-</span><span class="nu16">0.0</span> <span class="sy1">==</span> <span class="sy2">-</span><a href="../numeric/math/INFINITY.html"><span class="kw1380">INFINITY</span></a></span></span>), and for some mathematical functions, e.g. <a href="../numeric/complex/sqrt.html" title="cpp/numeric/complex/sqrt"><tt>sqrt<span style="font-size:0.7em; line-height:130%">(std::complex)</span></tt></a>
</li><li> <i>not-a-number</i> (NaN), which does not compare equal with anything (including itself). Multiple bit patterns represent NaNs, see <span class="t-lc"><a href="../numeric/math/nan.2.html" title="cpp/numeric/math/nan">std::nan</a></span>, <span class="t-lc"><a href="../numeric/math/NAN.html" title="cpp/numeric/math/NAN">NAN</a></span>. Note that C++ takes no special notice of signalling NaNs other than detecting their support by <span class="t-lc"><a href="../types/numeric_limits/has_signaling_NaN.html" title="cpp/types/numeric limits/has signaling NaN">std::numeric_limits::has_signaling_NaN</a></span>, and treats all NaNs as quiet.
</li></ul>
<p>Real floating-point numbers may be used with <a href="operator_arithmetic.html" title="cpp/language/operator arithmetic">arithmetic operators</a> + - / * and various mathematical functions from <a href="../header/cmath.html" title="cpp/header/cmath"><tt>&lt;cmath&gt;</tt></a>. Both built-in operators and library functions may raise floating-point exceptions and set <span class="t-lc"><a href="../error/errno.html" title="cpp/error/errno">errno</a></span> as described in <a href="../numeric/math/math_errhandling.html" title="cpp/numeric/math/math errhandling"><tt>math errhandling</tt></a>.
</p><p>Floating-point expressions may have greater range and precision than indicated by their types, see <span class="t-lc"><a href="../types/climits/FLT_EVAL_METHOD.html" title="cpp/types/climits/FLT EVAL METHOD">FLT_EVAL_METHOD</a></span>. Floating-point expressions may also be <i>contracted</i>, that is, calculated as if all intermediate values have infinite range and precision, see <a href="../preprocessor/impl.html#.23pragma_STDC" title="cpp/preprocessor/impl"><tt>
#pragma STDC FP_CONTRACT</tt></a>. Standard C++ does not restrict the accuracy of floating-point operations.
</p><p>Some operations on floating-point numbers are affected by and modify the state of <a href="../numeric/fenv.html" title="cpp/numeric/fenv">the floating-point environment</a> (most notably, the rounding direction).
</p><p><a href="implicit_cast.html" title="cpp/language/implicit conversion">Implicit conversions</a> are defined between real floating types and integer types.
</p><p>See <a href="../types/climits.html#Limits_of_floating_point_types" title="cpp/types/climits">Limits of floating-point types</a> and <span class="t-lc"><a href="../types/numeric_limits.html" title="cpp/types/numeric limits">std::numeric_limits</a></span> for additional details, limits, and properties of the floating-point types.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Range_of_values">Range of values</span></h3>
<p>The following table provides a reference for the limits of common numeric representations.
</p><p>Prior to C++20, the C++ Standard allowed any signed integer representation, and the minimum guaranteed range of N-bit signed integers was from <span class="mjax" style="display:none">\(\scriptsize -(2^{N-1}-1)\)</span><span class="mjax-fallback texhtml" style="white-space: nowrap;">-(2<span class="t-su">N-1<br></span>-1)</span> to <span class="mjax" style="display:none">\(\scriptsize +2^{N-1}-1\)</span><span class="mjax-fallback texhtml" style="white-space: nowrap;">+2<span class="t-su">N-1<br></span>-1</span> (e.g. <b>-127</b> to <b>127</b> for a signed 8-bit type), which corresponds to the limits of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ones%27_complement" class="extiw" title="enwiki:Ones' complement">ones' complement</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signed_number_representations#Sign-and-magnitude_method" class="extiw" title="enwiki:Signed number representations">sign-and-magnitude</a>.
</p><p>However, all C++ compilers use <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two%27s_complement" class="extiw" title="enwiki:Two's complement">two's complement</a> representation, and as of C++20, it is the only representation allowed by the standard, with the guaranteed range from <span class="mjax" style="display:none">\(\scriptsize -2^{N-1}\)</span><span class="mjax-fallback texhtml" style="white-space: nowrap;">-2<span class="t-su">N-1<br></span></span> to <span class="mjax" style="display:none">\(\scriptsize +2^{N-1}-1\)</span><span class="mjax-fallback texhtml" style="white-space: nowrap;">+2<span class="t-su">N-1<br></span>-1</span> (e.g. <b>-128</b> to <b>127</b> for a signed 8-bit type).
</p><p>8-bit ones' complement and sign-and-magnitude representations for <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">char</span></span></span> have been disallowed since C++11 (via <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cplusplus.github.io/CWG/issues/1759.html">CWG  1759</a>), because a UTF-8 code unit of value 0x80 used in a <a href="string_literal.html" title="cpp/language/string literal">UTF-8 string literal</a> must be storable in a <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">char</span></span></span> element object.
</p>
<table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;">

<tr>
<th rowspan="2"> Type
</th>
<th rowspan="2"> Size in bits
</th>
<th rowspan="2"> Format
</th>
<th colspan="2"> Value range
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th> Approximate
</th>
<th> Exact
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th rowspan="4"> character
</th>
<td rowspan="2"> 8
</td>
<td> signed
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td> <b>-128</b> to <b>127</b>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> unsigned
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td> <b>0</b> to <b>255</b>
</td></tr>

<tr>
<td> 16
</td>
<td> UTF-16
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td> <b>0</b> to <b>65535</b>
</td></tr>

<tr>
<td> 32
</td>
<td> UTF-32
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td> <b>0</b> to <b>1114111</b> (<b>0x10ffff</b>)
</td></tr>

<tr>
<th rowspan="6"> integer
</th>
<td rowspan="2"> 16
</td>
<td> signed
</td>
<td> <b>± 3.27 · 10<sup>4</sup></b>
</td>
<td> <b>-32768</b> to <b>32767</b>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> unsigned
</td>
<td> <b>0</b> to <b>6.55 · 10<sup>4</sup></b>
</td>
<td> <b>0</b> to <b>65535</b>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2"> 32
</td>
<td> signed
</td>
<td> <b>± 2.14 · 10<sup>9</sup></b>
</td>
<td> <b>-2,147,483,648</b> to <b>2,147,483,647</b>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> unsigned
</td>
<td> <b>0</b> to <b>4.29 · 10<sup>9</sup></b>
</td>
<td> <b>0</b> to <b>4,294,967,295</b>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2"> 64
</td>
<td> signed
</td>
<td> <b>± 9.22 · 10<sup>18</sup></b>
</td>
<td> <b>-9,223,372,036,854,775,808</b> to <b>9,223,372,036,854,775,807</b>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> unsigned
</td>
<td> <b>0</b> to <b>1.84 · 10<sup>19</sup></b>
</td>
<td> <b>0</b> to <b>18,446,744,073,709,551,615</b>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th rowspan="4"> binary<br> floating<br> point
</th>
<td> 32
</td>
<td> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-precision_floating-point_format" class="extiw" title="enwiki:Single-precision floating-point format">IEEE-754</a>
</td>
<td><div>
<ul><li>min subnormal:<br><b>± 1.401,298,4 · 10<sup>-45</sup></b>
</li><li>min normal:<br><b>± 1.175,494,3 · 10<sup>-38</sup></b>
</li><li>max:<br><b>± 3.402,823,4 · 10<sup>38</sup></b>
</li></ul>
</div>
</td>
<td><div>
<ul><li>min subnormal:<br><b>±0x1p-149</b>
</li><li>min normal:<br><b>±0x1p-126</b>
</li><li>max:<br><b>±0x1.fffffep+127</b>
</li></ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> 64
</td>
<td> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-precision_floating-point_format" class="extiw" title="enwiki:Double-precision floating-point format">IEEE-754</a>
</td>
<td> <div>
<ul><li>min subnormal:<br><b>± 4.940,656,458,412 · 10<sup>-324</sup></b>
</li><li>min normal:<br><b>± 2.225,073,858,507,201,4 · 10<sup>-﻿308</sup></b>
</li><li>max:<br><b>± 1.797,693,134,862,315,7 · 10<sup>308</sup></b>
</li></ul>
</div>
</td>
<td> <div>
<ul><li>min subnormal:<br><b>±0x1p-1074</b>
</li><li>min normal:<br><b>±0x1p-1022</b>
</li><li>max:<br><b>±0x1.fffffffffffffp+1023</b>
</li></ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> 80<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="types.html#cite_note-1">[note 1]</a></sup>
</td>
<td> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_precision" class="extiw" title="enwiki:Extended precision">x86</a>
</td>
<td> <div>
<ul><li>min subnormal:<br><b>± 3.645,199,531,882,474,602,528<br> · 10<sup>-4951</sup></b>
</li><li>min normal:<br><b>± 3.362,103,143,112,093,506,263<br> · 10<sup>-4932</sup></b>
</li><li>max:<br><b>± 1.189,731,495,357,231,765,021<br> · 10<sup>4932</sup></b>
</li></ul>
</div>
</td>
<td> <div>
<ul><li>min subnormal:<br><b>±0x1p-16446</b>
</li><li>min normal:<br><b>±0x1p-16382</b>
</li><li>max:<br><b>±0x1.fffffffffffffffep+16383</b>
</li></ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> 128
</td>
<td> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadruple-precision_floating-point_format" class="extiw" title="enwiki:Quadruple-precision floating-point format">IEEE-754</a>
</td>
<td> <div>
<ul><li>min subnormal:<br><b>± 6.475,175,119,438,025,110,924,<br>438,958,227,646,552,5 · 10<sup>-4966</sup></b>
</li><li>min normal:<br><b>± 3.362,103,143,112,093,506,262,<br>677,817,321,752,602,6 · 10<sup>-4932</sup></b>
</li><li>max:<br><b>± 1.189,731,495,357,231,765,085,<br>759,326,628,007,016,2 · 10<sup>4932</sup></b>
</li></ul>
</div>
</td>
<td> <div>
<ul><li>min subnormal:<br><b>±0x1p-16494</b>
</li><li>min normal:<br><b>±0x1p-16382</b>
</li><li>max:<br><b>±0x1.ffffffffffffffffffffffffffff<br>p+16383</b>
</li></ul>
</div>
</td></tr></table>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="types.html#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">The object representation usually occupies 96/128 bits on 32/64-bit platforms respectively.</span>
</li>
</ol>
<p>Note: actual (as opposed to guaranteed minimal) limits on the values representable by these types are available in <a href="../types/climits.html" title="cpp/types/climits">C numeric limits interface</a> and <span class="t-lc"><a href="../types/numeric_limits.html" title="cpp/types/numeric limits">std::numeric_limits</a></span>.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Keywords">Keywords</span></h3>
<p><a href="../keyword/void.html" title="cpp/keyword/void"><tt>void</tt></a>, 
<a href="../keyword/bool.html" title="cpp/keyword/bool"><tt>bool</tt></a>, 
<a href="../keyword/true.html" title="cpp/keyword/true"><tt>true</tt></a>, 
<a href="../keyword/false.html" title="cpp/keyword/false"><tt>false</tt></a>, 
<a href="../keyword/char.html" title="cpp/keyword/char"><tt>char</tt></a>, 
<a href="../keyword/wchar_t.html" title="cpp/keyword/wchar t"><tt>wchar_t</tt></a>, 
<span class="t-rev-inl t-since-cxx20"><span><a href="../keyword/char8_t.html" title="cpp/keyword/char8 t"><tt>char8_t</tt></a>, </span> <span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(since C++20)</span></span></span> 
<span class="t-rev-inl t-since-cxx11"><span><a href="../keyword/char16_t.html" title="cpp/keyword/char16 t"><tt>char16_t</tt></a>, <a href="../keyword/char32_t.html" title="cpp/keyword/char32 t"><tt>char32_t</tt></a>, </span> <span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span></span></span>
<a href="../keyword/int.html" title="cpp/keyword/int"><tt>int</tt></a>,
<a href="../keyword/short.html" title="cpp/keyword/short"><tt>short</tt></a>,
<a href="../keyword/long.html" title="cpp/keyword/long"><tt>long</tt></a>,
<a href="../keyword/signed.html" title="cpp/keyword/signed"><tt>signed</tt></a>,
<a href="../keyword/unsigned.html" title="cpp/keyword/unsigned"><tt>unsigned</tt></a>,
<a href="../keyword/float.html" title="cpp/keyword/float"><tt>float</tt></a>,
<a href="../keyword/double.html" title="cpp/keyword/double"><tt>double</tt></a>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Defect_reports">Defect reports</span></h3>
<p>The following behavior-changing defect reports were applied retroactively to previously published C++ standards.
</p>
<table class="dsctable" style="font-size:0.8em">
<tr>
<th> DR
</th>
<th> Applied to
</th>
<th> Behavior as published
</th>
<th> Correct behavior
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cplusplus.github.io/CWG/issues/238.html">CWG 238</a>
</td>
<td> C++98
</td>
<td> the constraints placed on a floating-point implementation was unspecified
</td>
<td> specified as no constraint
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cplusplus.github.io/CWG/issues/1759.html">CWG 1759</a>
</td>
<td> C++11
</td>
<td> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">char</span></span></span> is not guaranteed to be able to represent UTF-8 code unit 0x80
</td>
<td> guaranteed
</td></tr></table>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h3>
<ul><li> <a href="type-id.html" title="cpp/language/type">the C++ type system overview</a> 
</li><li> <a href="cv.html" title="cpp/language/cv">const-volatility (cv) specifiers and qualifiers</a>
</li><li> <a href="storage_duration.html" title="cpp/language/storage duration">storage duration specifiers</a>
</li></ul>
<table class="t-dsc-begin">

</table>

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